Do a search for Romain du Roi or Albrecht Dürer.

Related:
http://www.dafont.com/theme.php?cat=117

There’s a font called Rubino that does it well.

> What is this called?

Modernist delusion? More seriously: one term for it is
constructivism, specifically geometric constructivism.
Do you just need imagery, or articles and such as well?

hhp

Durer’s treatise and illustrations on this matter are titled Of the Just Shaping of Letter and were published as a Dover paperback that you can find used for under $10. Geoffrey Tory’s Champ Fleury did something similar by comparing the Roman majuscules to idealized human proportions, this one can be found in a variety of French, English, and polyglot editions. More recently Helm Wotzkow broke the proportions of letters down into a square in his book The Art of Lettering and Frank Blokand has developed Letter Modeler, a program that generates letters based on harmonic proportions. There isn’t really a name for these, probably because the systems have serious limitations.

James Puckett wrote: Durer’s treatise and illustrations on this matter are titled Of the Just Shaping of Letter and were published as a Dover paperback

The original text in question is Albrecht Dürer’s Unterweisung der Messung. A scan of the treatise is available from the Internet Archive (PDF here). (The text is in German, and printed in Blackletter, but the diagrams should be clear enough. The discussion of lettering begins on page 104 (109 in the PDF.))

The original English translation (ostensibly from 1917) should be out of copyright, but I can’t find a viewable copy on the Internet.

Thank you all; this is exactly what I was looking for.